Prof. Sam Lehman-Wilzig – In Judaism, BOTH Sides Can Be Correct
Tisha B’Av is now behind us – a historical debacle (actually several) borne of serious disagreements between Jewish camps that led to internal civil war and ultimate loss of sovereignty. Given the serious schism in Israel these days, is history repeating itself? What do we need to recognize in order not to fall into the same chasm?
We (Israelis, and the world in general) seem to be living in an era of highly contentious “politics” in the broad sense of the term. This is not merely about “politics” but more profoundly it involves questions about “truth” in general. Some call this the “post-truth” period – your opinion is as good as mine – even when there is strong evidence to back up only one of us.
Are we really in a novel situation in human history – regarding blurred lines between knowledge and opinion? Absolutely not. Human beings have always disagreed about values and even about “facts”. Yet there is a difference between the modern period and those that came before: in today’s democratic era, all citizens are allowed to (and can) voice almost anything they wish (other than directly causing immediate, irreparable harm e.g., yelling “FIRE!” in a crowded theater when there’s no fire). Yet, the question remains: are all opinions equally “true”?
The Talmud provides an interesting answer – to my mind the most profound, but head-scratching, statement it has to offer among thousands of its other aphorisms (Tractate Eruvim, 13b): “eylu ve’ey’lu divrey Elohim khayim” – “this opinion and that [opposing] opinion are BOTH the Words of God [i.e., correct]”!
On the face of it, this would seem to be a paradox: how can both opposing opinions be correct? But not only is this saying “correct,” it is correct in two different ways.
First, our world is not static; things change, and what might be the proper “opinion” (e.g., right thing to do) one day, might not be the best thing to do in another time – or in another situation, circumstance, population group. Or perhaps especially when our understanding of the issue becomes wiser and more complete.
A great example of this actually comes from recent science (the one field that we generally think of as being purely “factual”). When I was growing up many decades ago, the Solar System map had nine planets. Around twenty years ago, though, astronomers “demoted” Pluto from a “planet” to being a mere large “astronomical body.” Why? Because their understanding of what characterizes a “planet” became clearer, and more information emerged about Pluto itself. In short, in the 20th century, Pluto was a “fact” – and then in the 21st century it became a different “fact”!
Second, when (usually in politics) we are involved with issues of values, opposing ideas can easily both hold truths – at least in part. For example, what should we emphasize: personal freedom or social justice? Any policy that focuses on only one of these values will lead to disastrous, social consequences (if there’s no personal freedom, no one strives to do better; if there’s no social justice, crime and violence ensues, preventing freedom from truly expressing itself).
Of course, the Talmud does not take the “post-modern” position that “anything and everything goes” i.e., moral or political anarchy. Indeed, the above aphorism was announced by no other than the Almighty – who added one further statement: “… but the Law is according to the House of Hillel” (one of the two sides in the argument). In other words, human society must live by some standards and accompanying rules if we are not to descend into chaos.
However, this does not mean that the “losing” side is “wrong.” Circumstances might change, necessitating the (temporary?) acceptance of Beit Shammai’s opinion. Or we might find that decisions in other areas that we make later on would somehow contradict Beit Hillel’s stance – almost demanding a switch to Beit Shammai to maintain internal (legal or social or philosophical) consistency. One would be hard put to think of any norm/standard/value that would never change no matter what the circumstances.
Which returns us to our contemporary situation. Wherever you live, there are numerous differences of opinion on the national and the personal plane. Someone has to make a decision – but that does not mean that they are necessarily “more right” than the “losing” side. Indeed, we ought to respect the losing opinion, not only because it might be no less “correct” than ours, but even if not so today, the other side’s opinion could well be more relevant and useful in a future of significantly changed circumstances.
If in the end, you don’t agree with my argument here (of course, that would merely support my general point!), let me conclude with one last item worth thinking about – from contemporary science. The very basis of reality (as we understand it today) is quantum mechanics. Physicists have conclusively proven (through the “double slit experiment”: https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/double-slit-experiment#:~:text=The%20double%2Dslit%20experiments%20clearly,observance%20plays%20in%20particle%20behavior) that reality has a dual nature: photons, electrons, and other particle types that underly reality are immaterial waves but they are also physical matter! Hillel and Shammai certainly didn’t understand physics (modern physicists can’t “explain” this reality-duality either; it just “is”) – but the Voice from Heaven that announced “eylu ve’ey’lu” most assuredly did. As individuals, and also as a society, we would do well to internalize the “truth” of that regarding our personal beliefs, social norms, and political opinions.
